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Once you have set the proper film or camera speed or sensiti vity ( this is characterised by a numerical value followed alphabets ‘ISO’. To further understand ‘The Photographic Process and Film Sensitivity’ students may visit Perry Sprawls at his website ) by on your camera or meter, you are ready to make the exposure-meter reading. With a reflected-light meter (in camera or handheld), point the camera or meter at the subject. The meter will measure the average brightness of the light reflected from the various parts of the scene. With an in-camera meter, a needle or diode display in the viewfinder or an LCD display on top of the camera will tell you when you have achieved the proper combination of lens and shutter-speed settings. If the camera is fully manual, you will have to set both the aperture and shutter speed. Automatic cameras may set both shutter speed and aperture; or they may set just one of the controls, leaving you to set the other. If you're using a handheld meter,...

Use a meter reading as a guideline rather than a dictate for correct exposure. This makes it important that you understand how your particular meter works so you can consistently get good results no matter what the lighting. The place to begin this understanding is the instruction manual that came with your meter or camera. The instructions should familiarize you with the meter's specific features, its flexibility, and its limitations. Most camera and exposure meter instructions provide the basic techniques of light measurement and mention some of the situations that may "fool" the meter. If you can't find the instructions, write to the manufacture for them. It may be appropriate to understand one standard before actually handling light meters. This standard often referred to as ASA or more correctly as ISO. International Standard ISO 5800:1987 from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines both an arithmetic scale and a logarithmic scale for me...

Montage It means cutting together or assembling, it is based on the principal that is the sum of parts is a whole. The original meaning is only the first part of the visual statement, according to montage theory. It's open and -- incomplete. What is missing in the static world of images? You! What montage does -- the thought (action) in evolution with the next shot "throws the meaning" on the previous shot! (In primitive terms we call it a reaction shot). The second shot in its turn is incomplete also -- it asks for another shot! That's how we crave for continuity and can't take our eyes away from the screen! Well, montage theory doesn't look so simple anymore. The great formula of montage: 1 + 1 > 2 (Following the logic of dialects (thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis), the sum of two parts is bigger, if they are connected. Soviet montage theory is an approach to understanding and creating cinema that relies heavily upon editing (montage is French for "...

180° rule. The rule is a basic film editing guideline that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line. The new shot, from the opposite side, is known as a reverse angle. Buffer shot (neutral shot). A bridging shot (normally taken with a separate camera) to separate two shots which would have reversed the continuity of direction. Continuity editing. It is the predominant style of editing in narrative cinema and television. The purpose of continuity editing is to smooth over the inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical coherence between shots. In most films, logical coherence is achieved by cutting to continuity, which emphasizes smooth transition of time and space. However, some films incorporate cutting to continuity into a more complex classical cutting techniq...

VIDEO RECORDING SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Q1 Define Video Recording and identify some of its advantages. Ans) Video Recording is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion. Its advantages: The quality of video tapes programs is indistinguishable from the original picture and sound with an excellent broadcast quality. The tapes can be reused and also duplicated without loss of quality in picture or sound. The video tapes can also be replayed immediately and the recording can be analyzed by the technicians and the directors. This leads to saving of time. Another major advantage is that the video tape’s picture and sound can be edited or modified separately. Unwanted or faulty sections can be deleted and also replaced by some other material. Video Taped Programs can be easily stored as an entire program or single sections or even as still shots that can be reused and m...

Question: What is structuralism? Answer: Structuralism is general approach in various academic disciplines that seeks to explore the inter-relationships between some fundamental elements, upon which higher mental, linguistic, social, cultural etc "structures" are built, through which then meaning is produced within a particular person, system, culture. Structuralism appeared in academic psychology for the first time in 19th century and then reappeared in the second half of the 20th century, when it grew to become one of the most popular approaches in the academic fields that are concerned with analyzing language, culture, and society. Ferdinand de Saussure is generally considered a starting point of the 20th century structuralism. As with any cultural movement, the influences and developments are complex. Structuralism in psychology (19th century)At the turn of 19th century the founding father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt tried to experimentally confirm his hypo...